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对“被动语态用法”教学分析
关键词:被动语态;语态用法;教学
前 言
在初中阶段,英语被动语态的用法是教学中的难点。笔者认为,除了讲解常规的概念和分析其基本结构外,还要对其各种时态的结构形式进行归纳对比,对其用法难点进行重点突破,以便学生强化记忆和理解,再辅以巩固性的练习加以训练,一定会取得很好的教学效果。
各种时态被动语态的构成形式列举如下:
(1)一般现在时:am/is/are + done
(2)一般过去时:was/were + done
(3)含情态动词:can(could)/may(might)/must/need/should+ be + done
(4)一般将来时:will(shall)/be going to + be + done
(5)现在完成时:have/has + been + done
其中,标* 的为教材要求基本掌握的时态形式,实际教学中却屡屡考查,故在此列出。
在教学中,笔者认为,被动语态的用法难点主要有以下几点:
(1)短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语的介词或副词。(如:look for, set up, hear of, look after等);有些由“不及物动词 + 介词”构成的动词短语中的介词在被动语态中也不可丢掉(如:look at, listen to, wait for等)如:We will take good care of these children.(主动)These children will be taken good care of.(被动)
(2)主动语态中在使役动词或感官动词后作宾补的省to的不定式在变为被动语态时需加上。常考的这类动词有make, see, hear 等。如:
The teacher makes her students stay in the classroom. (主动)
Her students are made to work in the classroom by the teacher.(被动)
(3)把含双宾语的主动语态句子中的直接宾语做被动语态的主语时,需在间接宾语前加to;在主动语态中如是buy/make后的直接宾语,则加for。 如:
1)His father gave him a computer for his birthday.(主动)
A computer was given to him for his birthday by his father.(被动)
2)I will buy my sister a cellphone for her birthday. (主动)
A cellphone will be bought for my sister for her birthday.(被动)
(4)地点名词作主语的句子变为被动语态时,必须在该名词前加at/ in/on类介词。如:
Our village has built a power station. (主动) A power station has been built in our village(被动)
(5)疑问代词作主语变为被动语态时,须在它前面加by,并置于句首。如:
Who talked to our oral English teacher?(主动)
By whom was our oral English teacher talked to?(被动)
(6)有些被动语态的句子中有时可不用by引起的短语而用其他的短语。如:
1)The President was killed ( by a man) with a gun.(表示具体的工具、材料)
2)The room is filled with people.(表状态)
3)Rome was not built in a day.(表时间)
(7)有些说明主语的性质、特点等动词,一般不能用于被动语态,如:feel, sell, write, wash, open等。如:1)The silk feels soft and cold.2)This kind of clothes sells well.
另外,与此有关联的是,有些动词作句子的宾语补足语时,用过去分词表示被动,常用于以下结构:see/hear/make/find sb done, 如:人教版初三英语教材中曾有这样的句子:Then we can see many dinosaurs discovered by you in this museum.还有一句:We had our pictures taken in the middle of the square。其用法是:have sth. done (让/请人做某事)。
前 言
在初中阶段,英语被动语态的用法是教学中的难点。笔者认为,除了讲解常规的概念和分析其基本结构外,还要对其各种时态的结构形式进行归纳对比,对其用法难点进行重点突破,以便学生强化记忆和理解,再辅以巩固性的练习加以训练,一定会取得很好的教学效果。
各种时态被动语态的构成形式列举如下:
(1)一般现在时:am/is/are + done
(2)一般过去时:was/were + done
(3)含情态动词:can(could)/may(might)/must/need/should+ be + done
(4)一般将来时:will(shall)/be going to + be + done
(5)现在完成时:have/has + been + done
其中,标* 的为教材要求基本掌握的时态形式,实际教学中却屡屡考查,故在此列出。
在教学中,笔者认为,被动语态的用法难点主要有以下几点:
(1)短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语的介词或副词。(如:look for, set up, hear of, look after等);有些由“不及物动词 + 介词”构成的动词短语中的介词在被动语态中也不可丢掉(如:look at, listen to, wait for等)如:We will take good care of these children.(主动)These children will be taken good care of.(被动)
(2)主动语态中在使役动词或感官动词后作宾补的省to的不定式在变为被动语态时需加上。常考的这类动词有make, see, hear 等。如:
The teacher makes her students stay in the classroom. (主动)
Her students are made to work in the classroom by the teacher.(被动)
(3)把含双宾语的主动语态句子中的直接宾语做被动语态的主语时,需在间接宾语前加to;在主动语态中如是buy/make后的直接宾语,则加for。 如:
1)His father gave him a computer for his birthday.(主动)
A computer was given to him for his birthday by his father.(被动)
2)I will buy my sister a cellphone for her birthday. (主动)
A cellphone will be bought for my sister for her birthday.(被动)
(4)地点名词作主语的句子变为被动语态时,必须在该名词前加at/ in/on类介词。如:
Our village has built a power station. (主动) A power station has been built in our village(被动)
(5)疑问代词作主语变为被动语态时,须在它前面加by,并置于句首。如:
Who talked to our oral English teacher?(主动)
By whom was our oral English teacher talked to?(被动)
(6)有些被动语态的句子中有时可不用by引起的短语而用其他的短语。如:
1)The President was killed ( by a man) with a gun.(表示具体的工具、材料)
2)The room is filled with people.(表状态)
3)Rome was not built in a day.(表时间)
(7)有些说明主语的性质、特点等动词,一般不能用于被动语态,如:feel, sell, write, wash, open等。如:1)The silk feels soft and cold.2)This kind of clothes sells well.
另外,与此有关联的是,有些动词作句子的宾语补足语时,用过去分词表示被动,常用于以下结构:see/hear/make/find sb done, 如:人教版初三英语教材中曾有这样的句子:Then we can see many dinosaurs discovered by you in this museum.还有一句:We had our pictures taken in the middle of the square。其用法是:have sth. done (让/请人做某事)。





